formal verification

MakerDAO formally verified its core contracts to mathematically prove the absence of critical bugs.MakerDAO 对其核心合约进行了形式验证，以数学方式证明不存在严重漏洞。

Formal verification provides stronger guarantees than testing alone but is expensive and time-consuming for complex protocols.形式验证比单纯的测试能提供更强的保证，但对于复杂的协议来说，它成本高昂且耗时。